零价铁和生物填料强化洁霉素废水水解酸化的研究

考察了零价铁和生物填料的投加对洁霉素废水水解酸化处理效果的强化作用,试验在3个平行的反应器中进行:投加零价铁的反应器(R1)、投加生物填料的反应器(R2)以及普通反应器(R0)。结果表明:在稳定运行时期,R1和R2的COD去除率、酸化率和出水B/C均明显高于R0。零价铁和生物填料的投加都对水解酸化起到了强化作用,提高了废水的可生化性,同时也都提高了反应器抗水质冲击负荷的能力。     

High‐performance polymer‐supported extractants with phosphonate ligands for scandium(III) separation

As the market demand for scandium has grown, a great deal of interest has been generated in its recovery. To substantially simplify the process and provide a green alternative for scandium separation, novel polymer‐supported extractants containing di(2‐ethylhexyl) phosphonate and bis(2,4,4‐trimethylpentyl) phosphonate, [D201][DEHP] and [D201][C272] are proposed because they demonstrate improved adsorption capacity and selectivity toward scandium(III). Scandium(III) adsorption is significantly affected by the solution pH, with the maximum adsorption occurring at a pH of approximately 0.78. The batch adsorption data fit well with the Langmuir isotherm and pseudo‐second‐order kinetic models. A combination of the Fourier transform infrared and XPS spectra suggest that the complexation of oxygen atoms in phosphate groups with scandium(III) is the predominant adsorption mechanism. Additionally, the two resins were used to recover scandium from leaching liquor of nickel laterite ore. [D201][DEHP] exhibits unusual selectivity for scandium and low competitive behavior with other metals, thus increasing its market potential. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 2479–2489, 2016     

Synthesis and Characterization of NiO Nano‐Spheres by Templating on Chitosan as a Green Precursor

In this study, nickel oxide was prepared through the calcination of extrusion dripped chitosan/nickel nitrate beads. The morphology and structural properties of the products were studied using various characterization techniques. Uniformly distributed nickel oxide was formed as observed from the studies of surface morphology where the processing parameters play a huge role on the resulting morphology. TEM results have shown that nickel oxide with crystallite sizes of 10–30 nm was obtained. The Fourier‐transform infrared spectra studies show an intense peak at 525 cm^?1, which is attributed to the vibration of Ni–O bond. Furthermore, the XRD results show NiO diffraction peaks correspond to (111), (200), (220), (311), and (222) which indicates that a bunsenite structure with a face‐centered cubic phase was produced in this study. The usage of 500°C as the lower limit in this study is justified due to the complete removal of the templating material as seen in the thermalgravimetric analysis studies. Furthermore, it was obtained that the largest surface area of nickel oxide synthesized using this technique is 48.024 m²/g with pore sizes of 19.843 nm. The usage of chitosan as a green template for the synthesis of nanoparticles has shown promising results which allows a more economical and sustainable approach for the fabrication of nanomaterials.     

泡沫镍上生长纳米片ZnCo_2O_4负极材料

采用水热法和烧结法在泡沫镍基底上制备锂离子电池负极材料钴酸锌(ZnCo_2O_4),用XRD、SEM分析物相结构与形貌,用恒流充放电、循环伏安测试电化学性能。合成的ZnCo_2O_4纳米薄片呈横竖交错的叶状。ZnCo_2O_4/泡沫镍复合电极可缓冲充放电过程中的体积膨胀效应,改善体系的循环性能。以100 m A/g的电流在0.01~3.00 V循环,首次放电比容量为1 301.7 mAh/g,首次库仑效率为85.5%,循环50次,可逆比容量仍保持在1 249.5 mAh/g。     

无钴镍基正极材料LiNi_(0.8)Mn_(0.2)O_2的制备及电化学性能研究

采用共沉淀法合成球形前驱体Ni_(0.8)Mn_(0.2)(OH)_2,混合LiOH·H_2O通过高温烧结制备出锂离子电池镍基正极材料LiNi_(0.8)Mn_(0.2)O_2。通过X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、热重-差热分析(TG-DTA)以及恒电流充放电测试对材料进行表征,研究了烧结温度和烧结气氛对材料结构、形貌和电化学性能的影响。结果表明:800℃纯氧气氛(0.6L/min)下煅烧12h合成的材料晶型完整,是典型的六方晶系α-NaFeO_2型结构;SEM测试显示材料平均粒径在10μm左右;电化学性能测试显示材料在25℃、2.75~4.20V、0.2C充放电条件下,首次放电比容量达173.6mAh/g,循环95次后,容量保持率达90.73%。     

基于BP神经网络的镉镍电池放电特性预测

为准确预测镉镍蓄电池的放电特性,采用安时积分法预测剩余容量,再以电池工作温度、放电电流、剩余容量为输入量,工作电压为输出量,建立基于Levenberg-Marquardt(LM)算法的BP神经网络模型,经过训练及检验,该模型的预测结果准确,相对误差小于0.5%。实验表明,该模型在温度-20~60℃和放电电流33~165 A能精确预测电池的剩余容量和工作电压,进而准确建立了蓄电池温度、剩余容量、放电电流和工作电压之间的映射关系。     

圆柱密封铁镍碱性蓄电池研制

针对铁镍电池的密封问题,从铁电极材料的制造到铁电极添加剂的优选、铁电极的结构及制造、电解液的成分、隔膜的优选、电池的装配、化成制度的优选等进行了深入、广泛、细致的研究。结果表明:铁镍电池的充放电效率从30%~50%提高到80%~90%。电池的过充电、高低温、荷电保持能力、超高倍率快速充放电、循环寿命等各项性能指标达到或超过了同类镉镍、氢镍电池技术指标,铁镍电池成功地实现了密封,实现了批量生产圆柱密封铁镍电池。     

AZ31B镁合金复合镀镍层的制备及其耐蚀性研究

在AZ31B镁合金表面以化学镀镍/电镀镍两步法制备了复合镀镍层。采用SEM、XRD、划痕仪、电化学方法对复合镀镍层的微观形貌、成分、晶体结构、结合力、耐蚀性等进行了表征。结果表明:复合镀镍层结构致密、表面光亮、没有明显缺陷,与基体之间具有良好的结合力,且比单一化学镀镍层具有更好的耐蚀性。     

不溶性阳极电铸中镍离子浓度变化及其对电铸镍的影响

研究了不溶性阳极电铸中镍离子浓度变化及其对电铸镍的影响。利用EDTA配位滴定法、扫描电子显微镜、法拉第定律和硬度计等手段,对溶液中镍离子的浓度及电铸镍层的性能进行了检测。结果表明:采用不溶性阳极电铸镍,在4A/dm2、8A/dm2、12A/dm2的电流密度下电铸12h后,镍离子的浓度分别降低了19.0%、33.6%、54.2%,电流效率分别降至59.7%、51.0%、35.9%;在8A/dm2和12A/dm2的电流密度下,电铸镍层的晶粒得到细化,硬度增大。     

水热法制备纳米二氧化钒粉体

以五氧化二钒和无水亚硫酸钠为原料,采用水热法制备纳米VO2粉体。系统地探讨了p H、填充度、反应温度、无水亚硫酸钠用量对VO2产品制备工艺的影响,采用化学法、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫瞄电子显微镜(SEM)和差示热扫描仪(DSC)对产品的价态、物相、形貌进行了分析。结果表明,在p H=3、填充度为0.7、物质的量比为n(V2O5)∶n(Na2SO3)=1∶1.2、温度250℃下水热反应24 h,所得到的初产品经氢氧化钠溶液纯化1 h后,质量分数达到98.5%,总产率为85.4%。产品为纯度高的B相VO2,经800℃热处理2 h后由B相转变为M相,热处理后产品的相变点为69.0℃。